JournalNX - A Multidisciplinary Peer Reviewed Journal
Peer Reviewed Journal JournalNX - a Multidisciplinary Peer Reviewed Journal is a peer-reviewed, open-access international journal. Notably, it is a referred, highly indexed, monthly, online international journal with high impact. Subsequently, JournalNX is a platform for researchers, authors, engineers, and technocrats. Also, we are publishing the original and best-quality research. This is our initiative for the betterment of technical society. The main objective, of the peer reviewed journal is to motivate the researchers. It works to achieve excellence in research publishing. In addition, the journal provides the platform for publishing. We publish high quality scientific research work. We have the lowest processing charges. Off course, the scientific research promotion is the motivation behind having the low publication charges. Eventually, Novateur Publication publishes JournalNX. Novateur Publication is moving towards the 9th year of excellence in scientific quality publishing. Further, we believe that, the journal is not international by the name. It is international by the international contributing researchers, editors, reviewers. In all honesty, most important are the authors. International Journal of Scientific Research JournalNX being the International Journal of Scientific Research has following key features. Peer reviewed Journal Online payment Best paper award 2000+ satisfied authors DOI to Each Article Certificate of publication Protected by SSL encryption Unique Object Identifier (UOI) Online article submission Quick response to queries No hidden charges Presence in international databases Yes, we are excellent quality International Journal of Scientific Research. Moreover, JournalNX is one of the best platforms to publish peer reviewed articles with.
CHEMISTRY DIRECTION STUDENTS FOR SUPREME MATHEMATICS TO THE FIELD DIRECTED ADAPTIVE AND INTEGRATIVE APPROACH BASED ON TEACHING METHODOLOGY
In the article chemistry student in the specialty students for mathematics science adaptive (to the field) redirect in the sense of and integrative approach based on of teaching effective methodology scientific based without brought. Taken visited in research mathematics science student's professional to the network suitable in case teaching and current the most from modern pedagogical technologies used without chemistry in science issues with integration to do in mind caught. Developed countries and national education in the system personnel in preparation the most current from problems one as interdisciplinary dependency and professional competencies formation learned is coming. Exactly this because of the article uses an adaptive approach to the field orientation in terms of looking at chemistry in science to topics suitable coming mathematical modular function This is a methodical adaptive and integrative approach in the system based on cited theoretical information, practical training for tasks, integrated examples and independent work and control works for questions package given. Scientific search results mastery level noticeable increase, topics specialized practical issues with tie students to class relatively interest increase with one in line their scientific - creative development of thinking showing gave.
Adaptive approach, integrative approach, superior mathematics, chemistry education, interdisciplinary integration, methodological system.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF MYELOMA NEPHROPATHY IN THE ERA OF NEW THERAPEUTIC METHODS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF RECENT TRENDS
Myeloma nephropathy (MN) is a common and severe complication of multiple myeloma (MM), found in up to 50% of patients at the time of diagnosis and associated with an increased risk of premature mortality [1]. The pathogenesis of MN is primarily due to the toxic effect of monoclonal free light chains of immunoglobulins (FLC) on the renal tubules, leading to their obstruction, inflammation, and the development of cast nephropathy [1, 2]. During 2023–2025, leading international organizations, such as the International Myeloma Working Group (IMWG) and the joint committee of the European Hematology Association and the European Myeloma Network (EHA–EMN), published updated clinical guidelines for managing this condition [1, 3]. Key innovations include the use of highly effective treatment regimens based on proteasome inhibitors, immunomodulators, and monoclonal antibodies, providing not only control of MM but also significant restoration of renal function due to the rapid reduction of nephrotoxic FLC levels [1, 3, 4]. Recent studies demonstrate improved outcomes, including a 76% overall renal response and no early mortality when using modern anti-myeloma drugs [4]. This review summarizes current data on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of MN, with an emphasis on the latest approaches and response criteria outlined in the 2023–2025 guidelines, as well as the prospects for kidney transplantation in patients with deep remission [5].
DEVELOPMENT OF THE TRADITION ZULLISONAIN IN MODERN TAJIK POETRY
In Persian-Tajik literary criticism, the term “zullisonain” is used for poetry created in two languages. The relevance of the study is due to its connection with the development of this literary tradition in the work of modern Tajik poets of Uzbek. Currently, the poetic technique “zullisonain” of poems by bilingual poets makes a significant contribution to strengthening literary ties and the development of Tajik literature in modern Uzbekistan. The purpose of the study is to identify the significance of the work of Tajik poets in the development of the “zullisonain” technique as a literary phenomenon that developed back in the Middle Ages and has survived to this day, which is a symbol of literary friendship. An analysis of the actual material showed that the tradition of “zullisonain” is actively developing in the work of bilingual poets who write poems in Persian-Tajik and Uzbek languages, especially after the independence of the republic. “Zullisonain”, as an indicator of the traditions of national literature, is a symbol of the literary and cultural friendship of the Tajik and Uzbek peoples living in harmony on earth, and an indicator of the creative enrichment of both peoples, which is reflected in such phenomena of modern literature as literary bilingualism, poetic language personality.
poetic style, “zullisonain”, tradition, Tajik poetry, Uzbek poetry, bilingualism.
MINOR SYNTAX AND CORPUS DATABASE IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK LANGUAGES: A COMPARATIVE AND COMPUTATIONAL ANALYSIS
This scientific article presents an exhaustive comparative analysis of minor syntax—encompassing elliptical constructions, fragments, word-sentences (so'z-gap), parentheticals (kiritmalar), and formulaic expressions—within the English and Uzbek languages. While the history of linguistics has been dominated by "major syntax," the study of complete sentences governed by the subject-predicate dichotomy, this report argues that minor syntactic units constitute a foundational element of human communication, particularly in spoken and digital discourse. Integrating theoretical frameworks from generative grammar, functional linguistics, and the specific Uzbek theoretical school of Kichik sintaksis (Small Syntax), the research interrogates the structural and semantic divergences between the analytic nature of English and the agglutinative morphology of Uzbek. Furthermore, the study provides a detailed technical evaluation of corpus database development for both languages. It scrutinizes the architecture of the British National Corpus (BNC) as a benchmark and rigorously analyzes the ongoing construction of the Uzbek National Corpus (UNC), addressing specific challenges in metadata standardization (TEI), syntactic annotation (CoNLL-U/Universal Dependencies), and the development of specialized tagsets for non-sentential units. The findings demonstrate that while English minor syntax is primarily driven by syntactic deletion and pragmatic economy, Uzbek minor syntax is deeply rooted in morphological derivation, where the internal structure of the word functions as a syntactic engine. The article concludes by outlining the implications of these findings for computational linguistics, specifically the necessity for adaptive algorithms in Natural Language Processing (NLP) to accurately parse the "periphery" of language.
"SOCIAL ETIQUETTE AND FAMILY VALUES IN THE VIEWS OF RENAISSANCE THINKERS"
The article analyzes the study and understanding of such concepts as love and respect in the family.
Marriage, family, love, morality, books, humanity, patriotism, friendship, education system, ethics, national values.
THE WORK OF SKILLED ARTISTS AND SINGERS FROM NAVOI
The city of Navoi is not only an industrial and scientific center, but also a city with a rich cultural heritage. In this region, traditional and folk musical folklore such as Shashmaqom, Buxorcha, and Mavrigi, as well as folk songs and lapars, the art of bakhshi performance, and epic storytelling (dostonchilik) have been skillfully performed since ancient times.
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
CHARACTERISTIC FUNCTIONS OF RANDOM VARIABLES AND THEIR PROPERTIES
In probability theory, methods and analytical apparatus from various branches of mathematical analysis are widely used. Simple solutions to many problems encountered in probability theory, especially those involving sums of uncorrelated random variables, can be found using characteristic functions, developed in mathematical analysis and known as Fourier transforms. The fact that the method of characteristic functions is one of the main tools of the analytical apparatus of probability theory can be clearly seen in the proof of limit theorems, in particular, in the proof of the central limit theorem, which generalizes the Moivre-Laplace theorem. In this article, we will limit ourselves to describing the main properties of characteristic functions.
Random variable, distribution function, characteristic function, density function.
BASIC PROPERTIES OF A SLOWLY VARIABLE FUNCTION CHARACTERISTICS
This article studies the properties of regular and slowly varying functions in the sense of Karamata. The regular variation of a function is a one-sided local asymptotic property of a given function. The class of functions with such properties arose as a result of attempts to extend the class of functions with level asymptotics around a point to the class of functions with “slowly varying” coefficients rather than level functions. The properties of slowly varying functions are used in number theory, in the theory of functions of complex variables, in the applications of probability theory and mathematical statistics.
Random variable, distribution function, slowly varying function, regularly varying function, regularly varying order.
EFFECTIVENESS OF USING DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES IN TEACHING MATHEMATICS IN HIGHER EDUCATION
This article analyzes the theoretical foundations, practical significance, and pedagogical effectiveness of using digital technologies and interactive platforms in teaching mathematics in higher education. Mathematics, with its logical and abstract nature, stands out distinctly, and therefore the use of digital tools in teaching it serves to improve the quality of the educational process. The study examines the impact of platforms such as GeoGebra, Desmos, Moodle, Khan Academy, and Google Classroom on the teaching process, highlighting their application experience in Uzbekistan's higher education system. Additionally, the role of digital education in student motivation, independent thinking, and creative approach formation is scientifically analyzed.
Digital education, mathematics teaching, interactive platform, GeoGebra, Moodle, innovative pedagogy, digital competency, learning effectiveness, visual teaching, higher education.
PHASE SEMANTICS WITHIN ASPECTUALITY: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ENGLISH AND UZBEK
This article examines phase semantics as a core component of the functional-semantic category of aspectuality. Due to the absence of a unified methodological framework in linguistic theory, various approaches to defining and classifying phase meanings are analyzed. Particular attention is paid to a comparative investigation of the linguistic means used to express phase semantics in English and Uzbek. The study demonstrates that phase meanings constitute an independent semantic domain that interacts closely with aspectual categories. Despite typological differences between English and Uzbek, phase meanings in both languages are realized through a combination of lexical and grammatical resources, while their interpretation is determined by contextual and temporal factors.
Phase semantics, aspectuality, phase meanings, inchoativity, terminativity, English, Uzbek, functional-semantic field, comparative linguistics
POSTHUMAN PERSPECTIVE AND TRANSFORMATION OF SPIRITUAL IDENTITY
This article analyzes the posthuman perspective as a philosophical and cultural context for the transformation of modern humanity's spiritual identity. It examines the key ideas of posthumanism and transhumanism and their influence on rethinking the anthropological, value-based, and spiritual foundations of personality. Particular attention is paid to changing notions of the subject, body, consciousness, and spirituality in the context of digitalization, biotechnological progress, and artificial intelligence. It argues that the posthuman paradigm leads not so much to the disappearance of spiritual identity as to its radical transformation, requiring philosophical and axiological understanding.
posthuman perspective, posthumanism, transhumanism, spiritual identity, values, anthropology, digitalization.
THE ROLE OF THE SILK ROAD HERITAGE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM AND PRESERVATION OF CULTURAL MONUMENTS (THE CASE OF SAMARKAND)
This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the role of the Silk Road heritage in the development of tourism and the preservation of cultural monuments in Uzbekistan, with a particular focus on the city of Samarkand. The study explores Samarkand’s historical and cultural landscape, its architectural monuments, intangible cultural heritage, and their significance within the international tourism system. The research highlights the interaction between heritage preservation and tourism development, emphasizing the need for a balanced approach that ensures both economic growth and cultural sustainability.
Silk Road, Samarkand, cultural heritage, tourism, UNESCO, sustainable development, heritage tourism, historical monuments, intangible culture, international cooperation.
ON THE EXPRESSION OF TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL DEIXIS IN SCIENTIFIC TEXTS
It is widely acknowledged that spatial and temporal pronouns like here/there, now/then are found in texts of various contents.
Deixis, temporal deixis, text, scientific, indication, adverb, contextuality, deictic pronoun, time, place.
IMPROVING THE METHODOLOGY OF TEACHING MATHEMATICS IN HIGHER EDUCATION BASED ON A COMPETENCY-BASED APPROACH AND DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES
This article explores modern approaches to improving the methodology of teaching mathematics in higher education institutions. Special attention is given to the competency-based approach as a key factor in developing students’ professional, cognitive, and analytical skills. The didactic potential of digital technologies and interactive teaching methods is analyzed, highlighting their role in enhancing students’ motivation, independent learning, and problem-solving abilities. The article also examines the importance of mathematical modeling, student-centered learning, and the development of teachers’ methodological and digital competencies. The findings emphasize that the integration of innovative pedagogical technologies contributes significantly to improving the quality and effectiveness of mathematics education.
Mathematics teaching methodology, competency-based approach, digital technologies, interactive methods, higher education
TOPOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF THE SORGENFREY LINE
This article investigates the topological properties of the Sorgenfrey line, which is considered one of the fundamental examples in general topology
Sorgenfrey line, topological space, Hausdorff space, first countable space, second non-countable, separability, Lindelof property, normal space, Sorgenfrey plane, counterexample.
This article investigates the topological properties of the Sorgenfrey line, which is considered one of the fundamental examples in general topology. The Sorgenfrey line is defined as the set of real numbers endowed with a topology generated by the family of half-open intervals [a,b)[a,b][a,b]. The paper analyzes its main properties, including the fact that it is a Hausdorff space and first countable, but not second countable. In addition, it is shown that the Sorgenfrey line is neither separable nor Lindelöf. Special attention is given to its normality and to problems related to its Cartesian product, in particular the non-normality of the Sorgenfrey plane. The obtained results highlight the role of the Sorgenfrey line as a classical counterexample in topology and contribute to a deeper understanding of the relationships between various topological properties.
IMMONUEL KANT - TRANSCENDENTAL PHILOSOPHY: MODERNIZATION OF THE CONCEPT OF THE SUBJECT
This article analyzes the development of the concept of the subject in Immanuel Kant's transcendental philosophy and how it was further refined in the field of phenomenology, particularly in the works of Edmund Husserl. It demonstrates how Kant presents the subject as an active knower, with the process of cognition described as an activity carried out through mental forms and categories. The article also examines Kant's concepts of the phenomenal and noumenal worlds, the claim that self-consciousness of the subject can only be understood at the phenomenal level, and the development of these ideas in the works of thinkers such as Husserl, Heidegger, and Sartre. The article highlights the significant influence of Kant's concept of the subject in contemporary epistemology and phenomenology and emphasizes how this concept has opened up broad possibilities for scientific research and reflection.
I. Kant, transcendental philosophy, concept of the subject, phenomenology, Husserl, noumenal world, phenomenal world, thinking, process of cognition, mental forms, categories, self-consciousness, Descartes, Critique of Pure Reason, substantiality of the spirit, mental activity, subjective experience, predicates, transcendental approach, scientific research, epistemology.
THE IMPORTANCE OF HISTORICAL THOUGHT IN UNDERSTANDING NATIONAL IDENTITY
This article provides a comparative study of philosophical views on the role of historical thinking in understanding national identity. It also analyzes the emphasis on historical thinking in a dangerous situation in the context of globalization and the further development of national identity in young people as one of the most correct paradigms.
Historical thinking, historical memory, historical knowledge, understanding of identity, national pride, national idea, national spirit, spirituality, paradigm.
EFFECTIVENESS OF ANONYMOUS ONLINE PSYCHOLOGICAL COUNSELING SERVICES IN UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS WITH TRADITIONAL PSYCHOLOGICAL SUPPORT
This study examines the effectiveness of anonymous online psychological counseling services implemented in higher education institutions, focusing on students’ utilization patterns and the impact of these services on their mental well-being. The research also provides a comparative analysis of online (anonymous) and traditional face-to-face psychological consultations. Data were collected from 486 university students through standardized questionnaires, the Emotional Well-Being Assessment Scales, and semi-structured interviews. The findings indicate that anonymous online counseling is effective in reducing students’ levels of stress, anxiety, and depressive symptoms, particularly by helping them overcome barriers such as shame, fear of judgment, and reluctance to seek help. The sample included students from Samarkand State Institute of Foreign Languages, Faculty of Oriental Studies, second-year groups 2401, 2402, 2412, and 2413. Students actively participated in the research process, and the results were analyzed using mathematical-statistical methods. At the same time, the study confirms that traditional face-to-face counseling remains more effective for addressing deep-rooted or complex psychological issues. The research proposes concrete recommendations for diversifying psychological services in higher education and expanding the integration of online platforms.
Online psychological support, anonymous counseling, university students, mental health, traditional psychological services, comparative analysis, trust, psychological problems, stress, anxiety, depression, face-to-face consultation.
GREEN ENERGY IN UZBEKISTAN: USE AND PROSPECTS
This paper analyzes information on the state of electricity supply in Uzbekistan and explores new prospects for harnessing the potential of alternative energy sources. It examines the state of energy security in Central Asian countries and presents the aspects and economic prerequisites for using renewable energy sources to cover electricity consumption in various sectors.
Alternative energy, electricity supply, distribution network, renewable energy sources, areas of renewable energy use.
Shakhobidinov Fazliddin Farokhiddin coals
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE POETICAL ELEMENT OF THE BIRD IN THE POETRY OF KHOSIYAT RUSTAMOVA
In this article, the poetry of Khosiyat Rustamova, one of the bright representatives of modern Uzbek literature, sheds light on the development of the poetic image of a bird, the spiritual and aesthetic meanings embedded in it in terms of content and artistic expression. Among the symbolic symbols used in the poetry of the Turkic peoples, the image of a bird has a special place, effective research has been conducted in this regard, and the number and weight of the works written with the help of birds is expressed. The gradual improvement of the migration and genesis of birds to the literary image, their artistic interpretation, their place in historical and national traditions, as well as their rise from the image to the level of a symbol is observed. Issues of dynamics and evolution of images used in poems were revealed. In particular, it was analyzed through poetic examples that this symbol is manifested in the works of the poetess in harmony with concepts such as freedom, love, dream, life and love for the motherland. Also, the essence of Khosiyat Rustamova’s work is psychological and philosophical, socio-aesthetic, individual worldview uniqueness –, the specific mood, unique style, skill of using words, originality in the way of expression, proportionality of content and essence of the creator. Through this, the combination of traditionalism and innovation in the Uzbek poetry of the New Era was interpreted as an example of the poet's poems.
Poetic symbol, Uzbek poetry, genesis, interpretation, metaphor, personification, anthropomorphism, allegory, dynamics of images, development of symbol
INTEGRATION OF ARCHITECTURE AND ART IN THE COURSE OF HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
This article analyzes the integration of architecture and art throughout historical development. It explores the harmonious relationship between architecture and art from ancient times to the modern era, their cultural and spiritual significance, as well as directions of development based on modern technologies. The research is conducted using historical-analytical and comparative methods.
Architecture, art, integration, historical development, architecture, decorative art, modern technologies.
PRAGMATIC FEATURES OF POETICAL MOTIVES IN UZBEK POETRY OF THE 20-30S OF THE 20TH CENTURY
The article provides reasonable comments on the pragmatic features of poetic motifs, intertextual connections between texts, the communicative intention between the author and the reader, which were actively used in Uzbek poetry in the 20-30s of the XX century.
Poetic motive, communicative intention, pragmatic content, intertextual communication, postmodernism.
ONTOGENETIC COMMONALITY OF THE URINARY AND REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS IN WOMEN
The specificity of the female organism is due to the ontogenetic commonality of the urinary and reproductive systems and their anatomical-functional relationship. The data obtained as a result of our epidemiological study indicate a high prevalence of urinary disorders in women in menopause. Urinary incontinence was reported by 58.7%, urgency by 41.67%, pollakiuria and nocturia by 19.7% and 27.6%, respectively. Early reversal and initiation of hormone replacement therapy from the onset of the first symptoms can prevent progressive atrophy of the structures of the urogenital tract and prevent the development of severe forms of urinary disturbance.
woman, age, bladder, treatment, dysuria, urinary incontinence, pollakiuria, nocturia.
THE USE OF COMPUTER TECHNOLOGIES IN THE ORGANIZATION OF CHEMISTRY LESSONS
This article presents information on the advantages of using computer technology in teaching chemistry lessons over traditional chemistry lessons. Students are given feedback on the results of the course on physics and colloidal chemistry using the computer and their analysis.
Technology, computer, pedagogical, video, audio, projector, instrument, codoscope, multimedia.
MECHANISMS FOR THE EFFECTIVE USE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TECHNOLOGIES IN THE INFORMATION-EDUCATIONAL ENVIRONMENT
This article scientifically analyzes the pedagogical, technological, and organizational mechanisms for the effective use of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in the information-educational environment. The article highlights the potential of AI in personalizing the learning process, determining students’ levels of knowledge, creating digital tools that assist teachers, and optimizing learning activities. The study examines the impact of AI-based learning platforms, adaptive testing systems, learning-process monitoring algorithms, and analytical software on educational effectiveness. The article also addresses issues of security, ethical standards, and pedagogical responsibility in implementing AI technologies in educational practice, and presents proposals and recommendations for their effective use. The results contribute to enhancing the importance of AI technologies in the process of digitalizing the information-educational environment.
Artificial intelligence, information-educational environment, digital education, adaptive learning, pedagogical diagnostics, digital competence, learning analytics, automated assessment.
POSSIBILITIES OF UNTRADITIONAL IMAGERY IN CURRENT UZBEK NOVELISM
The article studies the novel “Ming bir qiyofa” by Omon Mukhtor, written in a new, unconventional style in contemporary Uzbek novelism. The events and problems associated with the main character of the work, Abdulla Hakim, are studied.
Article, Uzbek novelism, novel, hero, composition, plot, image, character, method, writer, idea, problem
THE CRISIS OF INTERETHNIC RELATIONS IN UZBEKISTAN ON THE EVE OF INDEPENDENCE AND WAYS TO OVERCOME IT
This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the crisis in interethnic relations that emerged in Uzbekistan in the late 1980s, on the eve of independence. It explores the decline of attention to national issues during the final years of the Soviet period, the socio-economic tensions, migration processes, and the consequences of the artificially promoted multiethnic policy. Using the example of the 1989 Fergana events, the article examines the roots of interethnic conflicts, the measures taken to overcome them, and the political and ideological steps implemented under the leadership of the First President, Islam Karimov. The study also highlights the historical lessons related to ensuring interethnic harmony, tolerance, and strengthening traditions of mutual respect in society.
Independence, interethnic relations, crisis, Soviet period, “perestroika”, Fergana events, political reforms, tolerance.
THE ACTIVITIES OF THE “EKOSAN” ECOLOGICAL FOUNDATION (NGO) AND ITS HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE IN FORMING COLLECTIVE RESPONSIBILITY
This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the role and significance of the “EKOSAN” ecological foundation as a non-governmental, non-profit organization operating in the ecological sector of Uzbekistan. It examines the establishment of the foundation, its historical stages of development, major projects aimed at addressing environmental issues, and its organizational-practical experience in raising public environmental awareness. The article also highlights the contribution of “EKOSAN” to the formation of collective responsibility, the promotion of ecological culture, and the establishment of sustainable environmental management at the local level. Furthermore, the study analyzes the foundation’s international cooperation activities, its strategic contribution to environmental policy, and its promising future directions in ensuring ecological security.
ECOSAN, ecological foundation, non-governmental non-profit organization (NGO), environmental awareness, collective responsibility, environmental protection, social cooperation, sustainable development.
PRAGMATIC FUNCTIONS OF THE INFINITIVE IN ENGLISH LITERARY TEXT
This article examines the pragmatic functions of the infinitive in English literary text. It analyzes the ability of infinitive constructions to express authorial intention, emotivity, modality, evaluation, and persuasive impact. Based on examples from works of English literature (J. Austen, C. Dickens, V. Woolf, E. Hemingway), their role in organizing narration and forming the subjective-modal plane is revealed. The research results demonstrate that the infinitive in a literary text performs not only a grammatical but also a pragmatic function, realizing the author’s communicative strategies and contributing to the expression of cognitive-evaluative meaning.
Infinitive; pragmatics; literary text; intentionality; modality; communicative function; English language.